Writing Secure Code

Posted by Brett Hardin on 24th September 2009

Reading time: 2 – 2 minutes

Photo: Brajeshwar

Photo: Brajeshwar

If you are a developer, I guarantee that you have written insecure code. Universities train people to write code, but very little time is taken to help them focus on writing secure code.

As with anything, being able to identify security vulnerabilities and writing code securely takes practice. But how does a developer, who is already overburdened with enough work, find the time or resources to help him identify security vulnerabilities?

This is where spot spotthevuln.com comes in.

The purpose of the project is two fold, help developers write better code by enabling them to identify insecure code and hopefully work the project into teaching curriculum’s at colleges and universities in order to help new developers write more secure code.

Here is how the site works. On Monday at 8:00am PST, a piece of vulnerable code is posted. An business week is given to people in order to attempt to identify the vulnerability in the code. On Friday at 8:00am PST, the code fix is shown with a description of what was wrong with the code. All of the vulnerabilities are taken out of open source projects in order to show developers “real-life” scenarios. The fixes are the fixes that were actually deployed.

The whole point of spotthevuln.com is to help developers identify poor development choices when programming. What are your thoughts? Do you think this will help developers? If you are an instructor and would like to work spotthevuln.com into your curriculum, I suggest for you to reach out to spotthevuln.com.

The more developers know about security, the better off we all are.

24Sep

Insecure Cryptographic Storage

Posted by Brett Hardin on 16th September 2009

Reading time: 3 – 4 minutes

Photo: fpsurgeon

Photo: fpsurgeon

This is the eighth-part in a ten-part-series describing the OWASP Top 10. (See all the OWASP Top 10)

What is Insecure Cryptographic Storage

Insecure cryptographic storage occurs when an application doesn’t securely encrypt it’s sensitive data when it is stored into a database. This definition is similar to the picture above, recursive.

Simply stated, insecure cryptographic storage occurs when one of following happens:

  1. The developers don’t encrypt the data that is being stored in the database.
  2. The developers do encrypt the data being stored in the database, but they rely on encryption methods they have developed. (Also known as home-grown cryptography)

After reading these two points you may say, “only an idiot wouldn’t encrypt sensitive data being stored in the database.” I refer you to number two in the list above.

If you think you are smart enough to write your own cryptographic algorithms, you my friend, are the idiot.

The main business concern with not encrypting sensitive data is that it can lead to confidentiality loss. All companies are concerned with unauthorized individuals viewing their sensitive data. In addition, encrypting sensitive data is be a regulatory compliance. (See PCI-DSS requirement 3.)

An Example of Insecure Cryptographic Storage

Here is a simplified example. Selecting the users table from a database we are returned the following:

> select * from users;

id username password
2 brett 5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99
2 dan 3c3662bcb661d6de679c636744c66b62

The passwords in these table are 32 characters long. Could these passwords be MD5 hashes?

As with all hashing algorithms, MD5 hashes can’t be reversed. However, they can be pre-computed. Using a site like, gdataonline, we can identify what the password is before it was ran through the MD5 hashing algorithm.

After inserting 5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99 into the online form the resulting password is returned. In this example, the password is “password.”

How Do You Prevent Insecure Cryptographic Storage From Occurring

If the data is sensitive and stored it NEEDS to be encrypted. Examples of items that are considered to be sensitive can include:

  • Credit Cards
  • User Names
  • Passwords
  • User data

There are other things to keep in mind when making sure you securely store information. This includes not creating your own cryptographic algorithms. No matter how smart you or your peers think you are DO NOT attempt to invent a new encryption algorithm. Leave this work to the experts.

Ensure that the data stored is not easy to decrypt. This can usually be averted by not using known weak algorithms such as RC3, RC4, MD5 and SHA-1.

If you are using asymmetric key encryption make sure to store your private keys carefully. If an attacker gets hold of the private key, you might as well not encrypt the data in the first place.

16Sep

Hacking: The Next Generation

Posted by Brett Hardin on 10th September 2009

Reading time: 5 – 8 minutes

Photo: OReilly

Photo: O'Reilly

My first book Hacking: The Next Generation is now available in electronic format. The physical version should be available on Amazon and in book stores in the next few days on October 15th.

I want to thank Mike Loukides of O’Reilly, and my co-authors Billy Rios and Nitesh Dhanjani. A special thanks to Nitesh for providing me this opportunity.

Here is a description and the layout of the book. If you read the book please send me a shout-out on Twitter and let me know what you think, I would love to hear feedback.

Description

With the advent of rich Internet applications, the explosion of social media, and the increased use of powerful cloud computing infrastructures, a new generation of attackers has added cunning new techniques to its arsenal. For anyone involved in defending an application or a network of systems, Hacking: The Next Generation is one of the few books to identify a variety of emerging attack vectors.

You’ll not only find valuable information on new hacks that attempt to exploit technical flaws, you’ll also learn how attackers take advantage of individuals via social networking sites, and abuse vulnerabilities in wireless technologies and cloud infrastructures. Written by seasoned Internet security professionals, this book helps you understand the motives and psychology of hackers behind these attacks, enabling you to better prepare and defend against them.

  • Learn how “inside out” techniques can poke holes into protected networks
  • Understand the new wave of “blended threats” that take advantage of multiple application vulnerabilities to steal corporate data
  • Recognize weaknesses in today’s powerful cloud infrastructures and how they can be exploited
  • Prevent attacks against the mobile workforce and their devices containing valuable data
  • Be aware of attacks via social networking sites to obtain confidential information from executives and their assistants
  • Get case studies that show how several layers of vulnerabilities can be used to compromise multinational corporations.

Chapter 1 – Intelligence Gathering: Peering Through the Windows to Your Organization

To successfully execute an attack against any given organization, the attacker must first perform reconnaissance to gather as much intelligence about the organization as possible. In this chapter, we look at traditional attack methods as well as how the new generation of attackers is able to leverage new technologies for information gathering.

Chapter 2 – Inside-Out Attacks: The Attacker Is the Insider

Not only does the popular perimeter-based approach to security provide little risk reduction today, but it is in fact contributing to an increased attack surface that criminals are using to launch potentially devastating attacks. The impact of the attacks illustrated in this chapter can be extremely devastating to businesses that approach security with a perimeter mindset where the insiders are generally trusted with information that is confidential and critical to the organization.

Chapter 3 – The Way It Works: There Is No Patch

The protocols that support network communication, which are relied upon for the Internet to work, were not specifically designed with security in mind. In this chapter, we study why these protocols are weak and how attackers have and will continue to exploit them.

Chapter 4 – Blended Threats: When Applications Exploit Each Other

The amount of software installed on a modern computer system is staggering. With so many different software packages on a single machine, the complexity of managing the interactions between these software packages becomes increasingly complex. Complexity is the friend of the next-generation hacker. This chapter exposes the techniques used to pit software against software. We present the various blended threats and blended attacks so that you can gain some insight as to how these attacks are executed and the thought process behind blended exploitation.

Chapter 5 – Cloud Insecurity: Sharing the Cloud with Your Enemy

Cloud computing is seen as the next generation of computing. The benefits, cost savings, and business justifications for moving to a cloud-based environment are compelling. This chapter illustrates how next-generation hackers are positioning themselves to take advantage of and abuse cloud platforms, and includes tangible examples of vulnerabilities we have discovered in today’s popular cloud platforms.

Chapter 6 – Abusing Mobile Devices: Targeting Your Mobile Workforce

Today’s workforce is a mobile army, traveling to the customer and making business happen. The explosion of laptops, wireless networks, and powerful cell phones, coupled with the need to “get things done,” creates a perfect storm for the next-generation attacker. This chapter walks through some scenarios showing how the mobile workforce can be a prime target of attacks.

Chapter 7 – Infiltrating the Phishing Underground: Learning from Online Criminals?

Phishers are a unique bunch. They are a nuisance to businesses and legal authorities and can cause a significant amount of damage to a person’s financial reputation. In this chapter, we infiltrate and uncover this ecosystem so that we can shed some light on and advance our quest toward understanding this popular subset of the new generation of criminals.

Chapter 8 – Influencing Your Victims: Do What We Tell You, Please

The new generation of attackers doesn’t want to target only networks, operating systems, and applications. These attackers also want to target the people who have access to the data they want to get a hold of. It is sometimes easier for an attacker to get what she wants by influencing and manipulating a human being than it is to invest a lot of time finding and exploiting a technical vulnerability. In this chapter, we look at the crafty techniques attackers employ to discover information about people to influence them.

Chapter 9 – Hacking Executives: Can Your CEO Spot a Targeted Attack?

When attackers begin to focus their attacks on specific corporate individuals, executives often become the prime target. These are the “C Team” members of the company—for instance, chief executive officers, chief financial officers, and chief operating officers. Not only are these executives in higher income brackets than other potential targets, but also the value of the information on their laptops can rival the value of information in the corporation’s databases. This chapter walks through scenarios an attacker may use to target executives of large corporations.

Chapter 10 – Case Studies: Different Perspectives

This chapter presents two scenarios on how a determined hacker can cross-pollinate vulnerabilities from different processes, systems, and applications to compromise businesses and steal confidential data.

10Sep